Added sugar includes white sugar, barley malt, beet sugar, brown rice syrup, maple syrup, honey, brown sugar, cane juice crystals, cane sugar, corn syrup, confectioner's sugar, and fructose. Also sugar in beverages like soda, fruit juice (even 100% pure fruit juice), sports drinks, and energy drinks.

https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/the-sweet-danger-of-sugar
Added sugar increases the risk of:

• heart disease
• obesity
• diabetes
• fatty liver disease
• some cancers
• tooth decay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar#Health_effects

Added sugar is empty calories and no fiber (whole fruits are healthy because fiber and other nutrients). Sucrose (table sugar) is made up of 50% glucose and 50% fructose. High-fructose corn syrup is a mixture of approximately 40% glucose and 60% fructose. Its the fructose in added sugar that is unhealthy.

F stands for fructose and fat, 2013
https://www.nature.com/articles/502181a
The human body treats glucose and fructose quite differently. The liver can convert fructose into fat. Liver fat could be released into the circulation and taken up by fat cells in other tissues, resulting in obesity. From an evolutionary perspective, enhanced fructose conversion to fat may have been advantageous. For instance, because fruits ripen at the end of the growing season, starch conversion into fructose and, in turn, storage of the abundant fructose as fat rather than glycogen could have facilitated survival through the ensuing months of low food availability.

Source: Robert Lustig - What is Metabolic Syndrome Anyway? 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zx-QrilOoSM
Dr. Lustig presents evidence on how sugar causes metabolic syndrome. Robert Lustig is Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Endocrinology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), where he specializes in neuroendocrinology and childhood obesity.

• 49:22 Interventional study:
  • participants: 20 obese children with metabolic syndrome.
  • interventions: Nine days of dietary sugar restriction, with substitution of equal amounts of refined starch.
  • results: metabolic syndrome was reversed. Serum d-lactate levels reduced by 50%, liver fat decreased by 22%, and insulin sensitivity increased.
• This is the interventional study: Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Reduces Serum d-Lactate Concentration in Children With Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. 2019
  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30869790

https://nutritionfacts.org/video/how-much-fruit-is-too-much/
Whole fruit is beneficial in almost any amount.

Added oil includes all oils, margarine, and fats.

People that heard of "heart-healthy oils" are surprised to hear that all added oil damages health.

High Plant-Fat Diet Promotes Disease - PART 2 OF FATS by Jeff Nelson at VegSource https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_A_wy_KrkZA

All types of added oil increase atherosclerosis:

• Is Oil Healthy? by Caldwell B. Esselstyn, Jr., MD https://ijdrp.org/index.php/ijdrp/article/view/35/31 (access requires free registration)
  Esselstyn presents evidence of added oil causing cardiovascular Disease.
• https://www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2007nl/aug/oils.htm > Do Vegetable Oils Really Prevent Heart Disease?
  Serial angiograms of people’s heart arteries show that all three types of fat —saturated (animal) fat, monounsaturated (olive oil), and polyunsaturated (omega-3 and -6 oils)— were associated with significant increases in new atherosclerotic lesions over one year of study. Only by decreasing the entire fat intake, including poly- and monounsaturated-oils, did the lesions stop growing.
• The influence of diet on the appearance of new lesions in human coronary arteries. By Blankenhorn, JAMA 1990.
  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2407875
  Each quartile of increased consumption of total fat and polyunsaturated fat was associated with a significant increase in risk of new lesions.
• Low-fat WFPB is the only diet proven to reverse heart disease.

Added oil is empty calories and no fiber (oil within whole food is healthy because fiber and other nutrients). Adding oil to a WFPB diet would displace healthy whole foods. One tablespoon of oil has 120 Calories or 6% of a 2000 Calorie/day diet (10 ml of oil has 81 Calories or 4% of a 2000 Calorie/day diet).

Whole foods from plants provide all the oil humans need. For example, 10% of calories in broccoli is oil.

Refined grains include white flour and white rice. Refined grains have fiber and other nutrients removed.

Intake of whole grains, refined grains, and cereal fiber measured with 7-day diet records and associations with risk factors for chronic disease, 2007
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/86/6/1745/4649792

Whole-grain intake and carotid artery atherosclerosis in a multiethnic cohort: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, 2007
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/85/6/1495/4632982
Whole-grain intake is inversely associated with common carotid artery (CCA) intimal medial thickness (IMT).

https://nutritionfacts.org/video/great-grain-robbery/ 2007

• When whole wheat flour is milled into white flour, at least 25 nutrients are removed, and 5 are chemically replaced to “enrich” it.
• There’s also a 2- to 300-fold loss in phytonutrient content.
• Those eating whole grains had a slower progression of their atherosclerotic disease.

Examples of protein isolates are: soy protein isolate, pea protein isolate, and seitan. Protein isolates have fiber and other nutrients removed.