Whole-Food  Plant-Based (WFPB)


Healthspan and Lifespan

Exactly how much difference can diet make?

Healthspan

Healthspan is the length of time in one's life during which an individual is in reasonably good health.

Aging, health risks, and cumulative disability. N Engl J Med. 1998
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9535669
Not only do persons with better health habits survive longer, but in such persons, disability is postponed and compressed into fewer years at the end of life.

Ten Years of Life: Is it a matter of choice? 2001
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11434797
Substantial gains in life expectancy would only be worthwhile if they were also accompanied by a longer period of good-quality life. Although our data cannot directly address quality of life, it was previously shown that the vegetarian Adventists took less medication and had fewer overnight hospital stays, surgical procedures, and x-ray examinations during the previous year. Vegetarians also had a reduced prevalence of several chronic diseases that may degrade the quality of life.

Number one cause of disability is diet

https://nutritionfacts.org/video/why-you-should-care-about-nutrition/
According to the most rigorous analysis of risk factors ever published—the Global Burden of Disease Study, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the number one cause of disability in the United States is our diet.

The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436627/
Dietary risk is the number one cause of disability in the United States. Compared to Physical inactivity and low physical activity, dietary risk causes more than double the years lost.

risk_factors
Figure 3: Number of Deaths and Percentage of Disability-Adjusted Life-Years Related to the 17 Leading Risk Factors in the United States in 2010 for Both Sexes Combined.

How much lifespan does WFPB add?

Lifespan is the length of time an individual is alive.

Based on the studies described below, I am guessing that a WFPB diet adds 2 years lifespan, compared to the Standard American Diet (SAD). Most people are not motivated by such a small increase in lifespan. For comparison, smoking cigarettes cuts lifespan by an average of 10 years.

Adventist study

This study compared Adventist vegetarians to Adventist non-vegetarians. Adventist vegetarians lived 1.5 years longer than Adventist non-vegetarians.

The gain from SAD to WFPB is even greater because:

  1. WFPB is healthier than vegetarian.
  2. vegetarian is healthier than non-vegetarian (1.5 year gain)
  3. non-vegetarian Adventist diet is healthier than SAD.

So by addition, the gain from SAD to WFPB should greater than 1.5 years.

Ten Years of Life: Is it a matter of choice? 2001
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11434797
In table 3, Covariates at Medium Risk, Vegetarian to Nonvegetarian, Men 1.53 years, Women 1.51 years.

Evaluation of an Eight-Week Whole-Food Plant-Based Lifestyle Modification Program, 2019
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6770132/

  • There were 79 participants, all self-referred from the community, including 24 (30.4%) who were already vegetarian or vegan at baseline… eight-week group program utilizing an ad-libitum whole-food plant-based dietary pattern.
  • Participants experienced statistically significant reductions for BMI, blood pressure, and cholesterol.
  • When comparing vegetarian or vegan participants to non-vegetarian participants, there were no statistically significant difference in reductions for BMI, blood pressure, or cholesterol.
  • Despite the general perception of healthfulness, vegetarian and vegan diets do not exclude processed foods and as a consequence, do not differ much in macronutrient composition from non-vegetarian diets. In the Adventist-Health-Study-2, the percent calories from fat in vegetarian (lacto ovo vegetarian) and vegan (strict vegetarian) diets did not differ significantly from non-vegetarian diets. Strict vegetarians consumed a mean of 29.8% of their calories from fat and lacto ovo vegetarians consumed 33.1% of their calories from fat compared to 35.1% in non-vegetarians. By contrast, the plant-based diets shown to reverse heart disease contained approximately 10% calories from fat. This very low-fat content was achieved by exclusion of added pure fats, processed foods, and high-fat plant foods.

Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

Association Between Dietary Fiber and Lower Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies, 2015
https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/181/2/83/2739206
When comparing persons with dietary fiber intakes in the top tertile with persons whose intakes were in the bottom tertile, we found an inverse association between fiber intake and all-cause mortality, with an overall relative risk of 0.84. There was a 10% reduction in risk for per each 10-g/day increase in fiber intake.

NorthKarelia Project in Finland

https://nutritionfacts.org/video/dietary-guidelines-from-dairies-to-berries/
Finland dietary guidelines greatly reduced cardiovascular and cancer mortality, leading to greater life expectancy: approximately 7 years for men and 6 years for women.

Successful prevention of non-communicable diseases: 25 year experiences with NorthKarelia Project in Finland, 2002.
https://www.who.int/chp/media/en/north_karelia_successful_ncd_prevention.pdf
The dietary changes led to about 17% reduction in the mean serum cholesterol level of the population. At the same time, however, smoking in women some what increased, but from a low level. Leading to greater life expectancy: approximately 6 years for women. The general health status of the people has greatly improved. The reduction in serum cholesterol level has been the strongest contributor.

Introduction to Finnish NCD Prevention by National Institute for Health and Welfare
https://thl.fi/documents/189940/258977/Introduction%20to%20Finnish%20NCD%20Prevention.NCD%20seminar.Helsinki%2014032011.pdf

  • page 23, Observed and Predicted Declines in Coronary Mortality in Eastern Finland, Men
    The graph shows most of the decline in Coronary Mortality was predicted. [So about a 1 year of increase in life expectancy was due to diet change.]